SYNDROME D’ALIÉNATION PARENTALE
Séparations parentales conflictuelles, enfants sous emprise,
haine, violence et fausses allégations.
(Liste des documents disponibles en langue anglaise)
Champs de recherches :
Politiques sociales
Divorces, Séparations conjugales
Droit de la Famille
Psychologie
Santé mentale
Thérapie
A. J. L. Baker "Adult Children of Parental Alienation Syndrome – Breaking the Ties that Bind",W.W. Norton & And Company; New York, 2007
DOCUMENT N° 01 – 16 pp
RÉFÉRENCE : ©1998 Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 28(3/4):1-23
TITRE : RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEALING WITH PARENTS WHO INDUCE A PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME IN THEIR CHILDREN
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner
ABSTRACT. The parental alienation syndrome is commonly seen in highly contested child-custody disputes. The author has described three types: mild, moderate, and severe--each of which requires special approaches by both legal and mental health professionals. The purpose of this article is to correct some misinterpretations of the author's recommendations as well as to add some recently developed refinements. Particular focus is given to the transitional-site program that can be extremely useful for dealing with the severe type of parental alienation syndrome. Dealing properly with parental-alienation-syndrome families requires close cooperation between legal and mental health professionals. Without such cooperation therapeutic approaches are not likely to succeed. With such cooperation the treatment, in many cases, is likely to be highly effective.
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DOCUMENT N° 02 – 13 pp
RÉFÉRENCE:©1999 The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(3):195-212
TITRE : FAMILY THERAPY OF THE MODERATE TYPE OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner, Department of Child Psychiatry-Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons,NYC,
ABSTRACT: Each of the three types of parental alienation syndrome (PAS) warrants a different therapeutic approach. Because PAS is a family problem, family therapy is usually warranted--separation, divorce, and even litigation notwithstanding. Furthermore, formidable modifications of traditional family therapy approaches are warranted if there is to be any chance of success in the treatment of PAS families. Especially important is the full support of the court for the therapist's stringent and authoritarian methods necessary for the treatment of these families. Without such support, the therapist is not likely to be successful. Described here are the special family therapeutic techniques warranted in the treatment of families in which the PAS is of the moderate type.
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DOCUMENT N° 03 – 16 pp
RÉFÉRENCE: © 2002 American Journal of Family Therapy 30 (3):191-202
TITRE : DENIAL OF THE PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME ALSO HARMS WOMEN
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner
Denying reality is obviously a maladaptive way of dealing with a situation. In fact, denial is generally considered to be one of the defense mechanisms, mechanisms that are inappropriate, maladaptive, and pathological. In the field of medicine to deny the existence of a disease seriously compromises the physician’s ability to help patients. If a physician does not believe that a particular disease exists, then it will not be given consideration when making a differential diagnosis, and the patient may then go untreated. This is in line with the ancient medical principle that proper diagnosis must precede proper treatment. Or, if for some external reason the physician recognizes the disorder, but feels obligated to use another name, other problems arise, e.g., impaired communication with others regarding exactly what is going on with the patient, and hence improper treatment. This is what is occurring at this point with the parental alienation syndrome, a disorder whose existence has compelling verification.
In this article I discuss the reasons for denial of the PAS and the ways in which such denial harms families. Particular emphasis will be given to the ways in which this denial harms women, although I will certainly comment on the ways in which the denial harms their husbands and children. In the past, denial of the PAS has caused men much grief. Such denial is now causing women similar grief.
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DOCUMENT N° 04 – 5 pp
RÉFÉRENCE: Academy Forum, 2001, 45(1):10-12 (A Publication of The American Academy of Psychoanalysis.)
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME (PAS): SIXTEEN YEARS LATER
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner
ABSTRACT : In 1985, the Academy Forum published my article, "Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation." This was the first article in which I described the parental alienation syndrome (PAS), a disorder that I began seeing in the early 1980s. The Forum article is generally considered to be the seminal publication on the PAS, parent to at least 100 peer-reviewed articles. Although this is certainly a source of gratification for me, the sixteen years that have ensued cannot be viewed as a straight path to glory, especially because of controversies that have swirled around the diagnosis. I address here the reasons for the controversies and provide suggested solutions.
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DOCUMENT N° 05 – 7 pp
RÉFÉRENCE: Third National Family Court Conference
Sofitel Hotel Melbourne - Tuesday 20 – Saturday 24 October 1998 - Concurrent Session : 10.30am-1pm Wednesday 21 October 1998 - “Difficult Clients: Profiles and Programs”
TITRE : “ALIENATION REVISITED”
AUTEUR : Mr Paul Lodge - Acting Manager, Counselling, FCOA, Sydney
SYNOPSIS : A child’s attachment to a parent is a naturally occurring process that has evolved to meet the basic human needs of the child including survival and developmental needs. Unsurprisingly it is remarkably resistant to parental inadequacies and intrusions. Despite the robust nature of the attachment process, a mounting body of evidence suggests that when one parent enlists a child in battle against the other parent the attachment process can be reversed - at considerable cost to the child. This process, first identified by Gardner in 1985, is commonly described as “parental alienation” or in severe cases “Parental Alienation Syndrome”.( 1 )
Unlike attachment theory, which is underpinned by a forty year history of systematic research, (Ainsworth et al) the organised study of parental alienation is comparatively new and controversial. Nevertheless the notion of alienation is a pervasive presence in counselling rooms and court rooms and, in it’s severest manifestations, often defies the best efforts and intentions of both. It is therefore relevant and arguably imperative that the phenomena receives our concentrated attention as a field of study. Consideration might also be given to the development of programmes and interventions that specifically address it’s many and various manifestations in the Family Court.
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DOCUMENT N° 06 – 16 pp
RÉFÉRENCE: American Bar Association- Section of Dispute Resolution, dec.1997
Student Writing Competition Winner's Essay
TITRE : PERSPECTIVES ON PARENTAL ALIENATION, CHILD CUSTODY AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEMS
AUTEUR : Anita Vestal
ABSTRACT: Contested child custody provides many challenges for alternate dispute resolution. With no-fault divorce, and a standard for determining custody in light of the child's best interest, judges are besieged with a backlog of disputed custody cases without clear and concrete guidelines to follow in deciding whether to favor the mother or the father. Many experts in family law - both from the legal and mental health arenas - have observed an increase in deceptive and manipulative tactics used by divorcing couples. This paper looks at Parental Alienation Syndrome, which is a complex manifestation of mental and emotional abuse resulting from conflicted parents fighting for custody. Recommendation are given for a model that could be employed by family law mediators that could decrease the number of custody cases that go to litigation, while ensuring that families suffering from Parental Alienation Syndrome receive prompt and effective intervention.
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DOCUMENT N° 07 – 5 pp
REFERENCE : AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FAMILY LAW, Vol 7, 175-179 (1993)
TITRE : QUESTIONING THE MENTAL HEALTH EXPERT'S CUSTODY REPORT
AUTEUR : IRA DANIEL TURKAT, PH.D., Venice, Florida
ABSTRACT : There are few activities in which a mental health professional can engage that are more emotionally arousing, controversial, and potentially damaging than performing a custody evaluation. The process is hampered by two key facts. First, the scientific literature on custody determination is woefully inadequate. Second, for every competent professional evaluator, there may be many more incompetent ones. For these reasons, it is important that attorneys be attuned to some of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in mental health experts' custody recommendations. This article will outline a variety of issues that one might consider when questioning such an expert's report on custody determination.
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DOCUMENT N° 08 – 17 pp
REFERENCE : American Journal of Family Law. Vol. 10. 121-133 (1996)
TITRE : UNDERSTANDING AND COLLABORATIVELY TREATING PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : Kenneth H. Waldron, Ph.D. and David E. Joanis, J.D. Madison, Wisconsin
ABSTRACT : Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a special case of postdivorce conflict in which one parent appears to go to great lengths, at times including making fictitious allegations of physical and/or sexual abuse, to turn a child(1) against the other parent. Dr. Richard Gardner first described PAS in an article and then later in a book and portions of another.(2) Earlier researchers had rioted similar processes in families (for example, the "medea complex" described by Wallerstein and Kelly in the late 1970s), and professionals working with divorcing families easily recognized the syndrome, sometimes described as brainwashing, presented by Gardner. That his "syndrome" was so readily adopted is less a testament to Dr. Gardner's "discovery" than to his conceptualizing a familiar type of high-conflict divorcing family problem that is complex, perplexing, very resistant to change; and sometimes tragic.
Gardner 's conceptualization of the problem and the dynamics underlying the problem proved at best incomplete, if not simplistic and erroneous. He portrays the alienating parent as virtually solely responsible for the dynamic, turning the vulnerable child against the innocent target parent. More extensive research on the topic(3) has more clearly established the complex involvement and motives of all of the actors in this disastrous family drama. Each of the family members takes a role in the alienation process, which usually begins well before the divorce event. It should be kept in mind that not all instances in which a child is rejecting a parent following a parental separation reflect PAS. In some families, the child rejects a parent based on the child's actual experiences with that parent. There are very likely many children in intact families who wish to avoid or reject one of the parents based on that parent's behavior. A parental separation may simply raise such a wish to the public level. Contextual factors can be used to detect the presence or absence of PAS. These factors fall on a continuum in the normal curve in all families. The factors that make up PAS may exist in many divorcing families to varying degrees, but they come together and pass a fulcrum point in a few. When PAS becomes the dominant family process, children reject a parent outright and the stage is set for gut-wrenching allegations, extreme resistance, threatened "move-aways," and often a great deal of litigation.
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DOCUMENT N° 09 – 4 pp
REFERENCE : AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FAMILY LAW, VOLUME 11, 39-41 (1996)
TITRE : RELOCATION AS A STRATEGY TO INTERFERE WITH THE CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIP
AUTEUR : Ira Daniel Turkat, Ph.D. Venice, Florida
The custodial parent who seeks to relocate poses a special problem for the noncustodial parent opposed to such a move. Physical distance between the visiting parent and his or her offspring can become a serious impediment to their relationship. When a relocation effort is clearly in the best interest of the children, one is hard-pressed to interfere. However, when it is unclear as to whether relocation is in the best interest of the children, the court must wrestle with a difficult dilemma. In certain cases, a custodial parent may seek to relocate as a way to interfere with the relationship between the children and the noncustodial parent. However, at times such a motive may remain fairly well concealed. Guidelines for assisting triers of fact in identifying interference-guided relocation efforts have yet to appear. This article provides a beginning set of potential indicators for identifying interference-motivated relocation efforts.
DOCUMENT N° 10 – 22 pp
REFERENCE : AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, VOLUME 15, NUMBER 3, 1997
TITRE : THE SPECTRUM OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME (PART I)
AUTEUR : Deirdre Conway Rand, PhD, Forensic Psychologist
ABSTRACT : The Parental Alienation Syndrome, so named by Dr. Richard Gardner, is a distinctive family response to divorce in which the child becomes aligned with one parent and preoccupied with unjustified and/or exaggerated denigration of the other target parent. In severe cases, the child's once love-bonded relationship with relected/target parent is destroyed. Testimony on Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in legal proceedings has sparked debate. This two-part article seeks to shed light on the debate by reviewing Gardner's work and that of others on PAS, integrating the concept of PAS with research on high conflict divorce and other related literature. The material is organized under topic headings such as parents who induce alienation, the child in PAS, the target/alienated parent. attorneys on PAS, and evaluation and intervention. Part II begins with the child in PAS. Case vignettes of moderate to severe PAS are presented in both parts, some of which illustrate the consequences for children and families when the system is successfully manipulated by the alienating parent, as well as some difficult but effective interventions implemented by the author, her husband Randy Rand, Ed.D., and other colleagues.
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DOCUMENT N° 11 – 6 pp
REFERENCE : AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, Vol.16, N°4, 1998, p. 5-14
TITRE : MMPI-2 VALIDITY SCALES AND SUSPECTED PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEURS : Jeffrey C. Siegel, Ph.D. and Joseph S. Langford, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT : MMPI-2 validity scales of two groups of parents going through child custody evaluations, parents who engage in parental alienation syndrome (PAS) behaviors and parents who do not, were compared. It was hypothesized that PAS parents would have significantly higher L and K scales and a significantly lower F scale than parents who do not engage in these behaviors. Using female subjects, since few males were available, the hypothesis was confirmed for K and F scales, indicating that PAS parents are more likely to complete MMPI-2 questions in a defensive manner, striving to appear as flawless as possible. It was concluded that parents who engage in alienating behaviors are more likely than other parents to use the psychological defenses of denial and projection, which are associated with this validity scale pattern. Implications of this finding regarding possible personality disorders in PAS parents are discussed.
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DOCUMENT N° 12 – 5 pp
REFERENCE : AUSTRALIAN FAMILY LAWYER, v. 4(3), 1989, p.1
TITRE : Brainwashing in Custody Cases: The Parental Alienation Syndrome
AUTEUR : Kenneth Byrne
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DOCUMENT N° 13 – 5 pp
REFERENCE : AUSTRALIAN FAMILY LAWYER, v. 6(3), 1991, p.8
TITRE : Mental Health Professionals in Child Custody Disputes: Advocates or Impartial Examiners?
AUTEUR : Kenneth Byrne
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DOCUMENT N° 14 – 8 pp
REFERENCE : CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGIST, March 1999, Vol. 32, No. 3, p 23ff
TITRE : Alienation And Alignment Of Children
AUTEUR : Philip M. Stahl, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT : Prior to 1970, it was rare that parents disputed custody of their children. Beginning in the early 1970's, parents began litigating over child custody as a result of changes in societal factors and custody laws. With this increase in litigation, Gardner (1987) observed and outlined a concept that he referred to as "Parental Alienation syndrome." Currently, there is a significant dispute among experts whether parental alienation is a syndrome, as well as the causes and remedies of parental alienation. This brief article will describe some of the dynamics related to the alignment and alienation of children and provide some solutions for these children. For purposes of this article, I am accepting the premise that alienation exists and that the child is caught in a battle between the alienating parent and the alienated parent. There is little research on the effects of alienation on children, either the long-term impact on a child being alienated from a parent. the long-term impact of a change of custody to remedy alienation, or which qualities within the child might help to mitigate against the alienating behaviors of both parents.
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DOCUMENT N° 15 – 5 pp
REFERENCE : Speak Out for Children - Children's Rights Council, 17(2) : 6-10.
TITRE : RESPONSE TO KELLY/JOHNSTON ARTICLE
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner
The DSM-V is scheduled for publication in 2010. Committees are scheduled to start meeting in 2003. At this point, I have lists of 135 articles (by over 150 authors) on the PAS in peer-review journals and 65 citations from courts of law in which the PAS has been recognized. Furthermore, in November 2000, after a Frye Test hearing, a court of law in Florida concluded that PAS has received such widespread acceptance in the scientific community that it warrants recognition in courts of law
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DOCUMENT N° 16 – 21 pp
REFERENCE : CALIFORNIA WESTERN LAW REVIEW, Volume 34, 1998, p 567-589
TITRE : COMMENT: PARENTAL ALIENATION IS OPEN HEART SURGERY: IT NEEDS MORE THAN A BAND-AID TO FIX IT
AUTEUR : Kathleen Niggemyer
ABSTRACT : Every day, children of divorce travel between custodial parents and non-custodial parents. Usually the journey is trouble-free. Rarely is the transfer a dangerous or traumatic event. But more and more frequently, divorced parents encounter difficulty sharing the one "property" they cannot divide: their child. Custody is increasingly a multifaceted weapon wielded by divorced parents, and the courts struggle to find a way to disarm, or at least control, the combatants. This Comment specifically discusses parental alienation, a process by which one parent consciously tries to divide the child, to pry the child loose from involvement with the other parent. Section one deals with statistics of children of divorce and the creation of custody agreements. Section two considers the traditional spousal tort of "alienation of affection" and its ill fit to the parental alienation situation. In section three, current theories regarding parental alienation are discussed. Section four outlines identification of parental alienation. Section five discusses traditional tort remedies for the alienated parent. Section six suggests remedies for countering potential or ongoing parental alienation.
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DOCUMENT N° 17 – 13 pp
REFERENCE : Divorce Litigation, January, 1997, p. 1
TITRE : INTERFERENCE WITH PARENTAL RIGHTS OF NONCUSTODIAL PARENT AS GROUNDS FOR MODIFICATION OF CHILD CUSTODY
AUTEUR : Edward B. Borris, Assistant Editor, Divorce Litigation
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DOCUMENT N° 18 – 11 pp
REFERENCE : COURT REVIEW, VOLUME 28, NUMBER 1, SPRING 1991, p 14-21 American Judges Association
TITRE : LEGAL AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO THE THREE TYPES OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME FAMILIES - When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner,
In the mid to late 1970s, in associatio n with the replacement of the tender-years presumption with the best-interests-of-the-child presumption (and the gender egalitarianism incorporated therein), we witnessed a burgeoning of child custody litigation. Fathers who previously had little if any chance of gaining custody now found court support for their quest. Since the late 1970s, in association with the increasing popularity of the joint custodial concept, there was an even further burgeoning of custody litigation. Whereas previously the courts tended to award one parent sole custody and assigned the other parent visitation status, now litigating parents could each hope for a large share of time with the children. In association with what can justifiably be called a custody litigation explosion (which is still going on), I began to see a disorder, which I rarely saw before, that developed almost exclusively in children who were exposed to and embroiled in custody disputes. The primary characteristic of this disorder is obsessive alienation from a parent.
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DOCUMENT N° 19 – 8 pp
REFERENCE : American Journal of Family Therapy, 1993, 21 (3), 205-215.
TITRE : Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome
AUTEUR : Glenn F. Cartwright , Dpt. Educational Psychology and Counselling , McGill University
ABSTRACT : The newness of the parental alienation syndrome (PAS) compels its redefinition and refinement as new cases are observed and the phenomenon becomes better understood. New evidence suggests that alienation may be provoked by other than custodial matters, that cases of alleged sexual abuse may be virtual, that slow judgements by courts exacerbate the problem, that prolonged alienation of the child may trigger other forms of mental illness, and that too little remains known of the long term consequences to alienated children and their families.
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DOCUMENT N° 20 – 3 pp
REFERENCE : DECEMBER [1997] Fam Law p. 807-8
TITRE : THE EMERGING PROBLEM OF PARENTAL ALIENATION
AUTEUR : Caroline Willbourne and Lesley-Anne Cull, Barristers
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DOCUMENT N° 21 – 5 pp
REFERENCE : Family Advocate, Winter, 1993
TITRE : WHEN YOU SUSPECT THE WORST: BAD-FAITH RELOCATION, FABRICATED CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE, AND PARENTAL ALIENATION
AUTEUR : Carol Holstein Sanders
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DOCUMENT N° 22 – 6 pp
REFERENCE : FAMILY AND CONCILIATION COURTS REVIEW, Vol. 33 No. 3, July 1995, 308-316
TITRE : A THERAPIST'S VIEW OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : Mary Lund
Cases in which a child is resisting contact with a parent may or may not fit Gardner's theory of parental Alienation Syndrome, which emphasizes the psychopathology of the "alienating" parent. Explanations may also include the child's coping with intense conflict and the "rejected" parent's skill with the child. Whatever the cause, improvement usually involves legal and therapeutic intervention.
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DOCUMENT N° 23 – 14 pp
REFERENCE : FAMILY AND CONCILIATION COURTS REVIEW, Vol. 37, No. 4, October, 1999, p. 487-503
TITRE : MEDIATION AND PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME : Considerations for an Intervention Model
AUTEUR : Anita Vestal
ABSTRACT : Parental alienation syndrome (PAS), a term that originated in the mid-1980s, refers to a disturbance in which children are preoccupied with viewing one parent as all good and the other parent as all bad. Conscious or unconscious words and actions of custodial parents cause the child(ren) to align with them in rejection of noncustodial parents during divorce or custody disputes. Issues of concern for mediators include detection of PAS and an understanding of appropriate remedial plans that will allow the child to restore his or her relationship with the noncustodial parent.
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DOCUMENT N° 24 – 9 pp
REFERENCE : FAMILY AND CONCILIATION COURTS REVIEW, Vol. 34, No. 2, April 1996, 229-239
TITRE : CHILDREN'S ALIGNMENT WITH PARENTS IN HIGHLY CONFLICTED CUSTODY CASES
AUTEUR : Anita K. Lampel, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT : In one of two samples discussed in the article, 41% of 24 consecutively referred latency-age children were aligned with one parent in a divorce. In a separate sample of 20 families, both parents of aligned children were more rigid, naively defended, and less emotive than were parents of nonaligned children. Aligned children preferred the more emotive, problem solving and outgoing of the two parents Aligned children were less adept at concecptualizing complex problems than were nonaligned children, but they were more self-confident.
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DOCUMENT N° 25 – 4 pp
REFERENCE : Family Law, May 1998, p. 264-6
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME - A JUDICIAL RESPONSE?
AUTEUR : Dr. Susan Maidment, Barrister
ABSTRACT : Practitioners will have recognised immediately the emerging problem of parental alienation' as discussed by Caroline Willbourne and Lesley-Anne Cull 'The Emerging Problem of Parental Alienation' [1997] Fam Law 807. The question is put succinctly in that article: '. . . what can a court do when a parent has alienated a child to the point where he is expressing what appears to be a genuine desire not to have any contact with the non residential parent?'.
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DOCUMENT N° 26 – 3 pp
REFERENCE : The Family Court Reform Council of America
TITRE : Parental Alienation and therapy
AUTEUR : William Kirkendale, Chairman
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DOCUMENT N° 27 – 14 pp
REFERENCE : Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, Volume 28(3/4), 1998, p. 1-21
TITRE : Recommendations for Dealing with Parents Who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in Their Children
AUTEUR : RICHARD A. GARDNER
ABSTRACT: The parental alienation syndrome is commonly seen in highly contested child-custody disputes. The author has described three types: mild, moderate, and severe$each of which requires special approaches by both legal and mental health professionals. The purpose of this article is to correct some misinterpretations of the author's recommendations as well as to add some recently developed refinements. Particular focus is given to the transitional-site program that can be extremely useful for dealing with the severe type of parental alienation syndrome. Dealing properly with parental-alienation-syndrome families requires close cooperation between legal and mental health professionals. Without such cooperation therapeutic approaches are not likely to succeed. With such cooperation the treatment, in many cases, is likely to be highly effective.
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DOCUMENT N° 28 – 6 pp
REFERENCE : JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOCIAL NURSING 1994, Vol. 32, No. 11 p 9-12
TITRE : Parental Alienation Syndrome A Developmental Analysis of a Vulnerable Population
AUTEUR : Joseph L. Price, Ph.D. and Kerry S. Pioske, RN, MS, ANP
ABSTRACT : The American family is changing, and divorce is no small part of the pattern. In the United States, there are nearly a million and a half divorces and annulments annually. It is estimated that 40% to 50% of adults will eventually divorce . Including ( Bee, 1992 ) the indirect effects on family and friends, the impact of divorce has ripple effects not only for those directly involved, but also for society and clinical nursing. Many children involved in divorce and custody litigation undergo thought reform or mild brainwashing by their parents. This disturbing fact is a product of the nature of divorce and the disintegration of the spousal relationship in our culture. Inevitably, children receive subtly transmitted messages that both parents have serious criticisms of each other.
Parental alienation syndrome, however, is much more serious. It involves the systematic vilification by one parent of the other parent and brainwashing of the child, with the intent of alienating the child from the other parent ( Gardner, 1982 ). This article explores parental alienation syndrome from the perspective of parental adult developmental needs. The effect of divorce on the family system and implications for nursing also are examined. Using pseudonyms, two case studies exemplify the lived experience of parental alienation syndrome.
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DOCUMENT N° 29 – 15 pp
REFERENCE : NEW JERSEY FAMILY LAWYER, Volume VII, Number 2, August/September 1987, p 26ff
TITRE : Judges Interviewing Children in Custody/Visitation Litigation
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner, M.D.
INTRODUCTION : It is important for judges to appreciate that when they interview children in their chambers they are doing so under significantly compromised circumstances. An appreciation of these compromises can help the judge place in proper perspective the information so gained. The court's primary question in custody/visitation litigation is this: Who would be a better parent for this child to live with, the mother or the father? This question is not likely to be answered reasonably unless data is collected from all three parties referred to in the question. Furthermore, the data-collection process will also be compromised if the parties are seen only alone and not interviewed in various combinations. Restricting oneself to interviewing only the child alone compromises the data collection process significantly because it deprives the evaluator of obtaining data in joint interviews, which are often the most valuable part of the data collection process. Family interviews also enable the interviewer to "smoke out" fabrications in a situation in which children traditionally say to each parent what they think that parent wants to hear at the moment. In custody/visitation evaluations, observing the parent-child relationship is the best source of information for ascertaining parental superiority. The present structure of courtroom proceedings generally precludes the court's conducting such parent-child and family interviews. It must rely on the information provided by mental health professionals who conduct these interviews elsewhere.
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DOCUMENT N° 30 – 4 pp
REFERENCE: NEW YORK LAW JOURNAL, March 26, 2000
TITRE : "PARENTAL ALIENATION"
AUTEUR : Joel R. Brandes
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DOCUMENT N° 31 – 33 pp
REFERENCE : NORTH DAKOTA LAW REVIEW, Volume 75, 1999, p 323-364
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION: NOT IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILDREN
AUTEUR : Douglas Darnall
Dr. Douglas Darnall is a practicing licensed psychologist. He is the author of DIVORCE CASUALTIES: PROTECTING YOUR CHILDREN FROM PARENTAL ALIENATION (Taylor Publishing Company, 1998). In the following essay, Dr. Darnall, drawing largely from his book, discusses how attorneys and judges can serve clients by recognizing, dealing with, and seeking to stop and prevent parental alienation.
DOCUMENT N° 32 – 3 pp
REFERENCE : Medico-Legal Journal (1999) Vol.67 Part 3, 121-123
TITRE : Parental Alienation and the Judiciary (interview)
AUTEURS : Dr L F Lowenstein, MA, Dip Psych, PhD
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DOCUMENT N° 33 – 6 pp
ABSTRACT : PAS has been practised for as long as marital or relationship conflicts have occurred. It is the conscious action of one parent turning against another to oust the other parent from the affection, love and respect or regard of their children. It works more effectively when used against younger, passive children and less so with older, more assertive children. It is unlikely to occur in a stable, harmonious relationship between parents who encourage the children to regard the other parent similarly, and work together to bring up their children appropriately with socialized standards of behaviour. Where marital disharmony does occur PAS is not necessarily a consequence, as many parents consider their parental role as of the greatest importance. They will encourage the former partner to participate in guiding and caring for their children, and afford them equal importance in the upbringing. Such parents engender the important principle that whilst parents may not be able to love one another it does not mean that their love for their children is any the less. Sometimes the parted couples can even establish a friendly relationship towards one another which is desirable for their children. To achieve this some parents need guidance from an outside professional. In this way, despite the marital split, parenting patterns persist.
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DOCUMENT N° 34 – 30 pp
REFERENCE : Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Educational Psychology, 1998. Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, McGill University
3700 McTavish, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1Y2
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME:THE LOST PARENTS’ PERSPECTIVE
AUTEUR : Despina Vassiliou
ABSTRACT : This qualitative study examines alienated parents’ perceptions of their own experience of Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). The participants were five fathers and one mother. The data were collected via semi-structured, open-ended interview questionnaires. A qualitative analysis of the data was performed for each participant in an attempt to answer the following questions: (1) Are there characteristics (e.g., number of children, number of marriages, etc.) common to alienated families? (2) Are there common themes or issues among the conflicts between couples that contribute to marriage dissolution? (3) From the lost parent’s perspective, are there commonalities in the underlying causes of the alienation? (4) Are there common themes in the participants’ experience of the alienation process? (5) Given the opportunity what are some things that the lost parents perceive they might do differently? The findings are discussed and the limitations of the present study are given.
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DOCUMENT N° 35 – 19 pp
REFERENCE : The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2):93-115, (2002).
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME VS. PARENTAL ALIENATION: WHICH DIAGNOSIS SHOULD EVALUATORS USE IN CHILD-CUSTODY DISPUTES?
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner
ABSTRACT : Children who have been programmed by one parent to be alienated from the other parent are commonly seen in the context of child-custody disputes. Such programming is designed to strengthen the position of the programming parent in a court of law. Many evaluators use the term parental alienation syndrome (PAS) to refer to the disorder engendered in such children. In contrast, there are evaluators who recognize the disorder, but prefer to use the term parental alienation (PA). The purpose of this article is to elucidate the sources of this controversy and to delineate the advantages and disadvantages of using either term in the context of child-custody disputes, especially in evaluators’ reports and testimony in courts of law. The author concludes that families are best served when the more specific term parental alienation syndrome is used rather than the more general term parental alienation.
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DOCUMENT N° 36 – 6 pp
REFERENCE : (2nd Edition) Creative Therapeutics, Inc., Cresskill, N.J. 07626 March 2000 Addendum
TITRE : Parental Alienation Syndrome
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner, M.D.
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DOCUMENT N° 37 – 22 pp
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : Anne-France Goldwater et Goldwater, Dubé
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DOCUMENT N° 38 – 9 pp
TITRE : PARENTS WHO HAVE SUCCESSFULLY FOUGHT PARENT ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : A. Jayne Major, Ph.D.
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DOCUMENT N° 39 – 49 pp
REFERENCE : LOYOLA OF LOS ANGELES LAW REVIEW 29:1367-1415 (1994)
TITRE : THE PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME: A DANGEROUS AURA OF RELIABILITY
AUTEUR : Cheri L. Wood
ABSTRACT : returning home from visitation with her father, a little girl named Mandi told her mother, in explicit detail, how her father had sexually molested her. After various social service agency workers and psychologists interviewed the child, the case went to court. The judge determined that since the four-year-old's story was not always consistent, her mother must have "programmed" her to say such things about her father. Consequently, the court not only gave custody of the child to the accused father, but also denied the child all contact with her mother. The court's leap of reasoning was based on a theory known as the Parental Alienation Syndrome.
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DOCUMENT N° 40 – 26 pp
REFERENCE : 1er prix du barreau canadien de Ontario. 5 avril 1995, Children & the Law, Jugde Williams.
TITRE : PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME: A 'HIDDEN' FACET OF CUSTODY DISPUTES
AUTEUR : Lisa Cook
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DOCUMENT N° 41 – 11 pp
REFERENCE : Contemporary Family Therapy, Volume 20, Number 4, December, 1998, p. 505-520
TITRE : PARENT ALIENATION SYNDROME: A TWO STEP APPROACH TOWARD A SOLUTION
AUTEUR : L. F. LOWENSTEIN
ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the steps involved in mediation before or while legal action and the courts intervene to force a solution by law to often tragic, acrimonious human interaction between former partners. Professionals such as qualified psychologists or psychiatrists should be able to offer a full course of mediation before partners begin divorce proceedings or decisions regarding the placement of children with one party or the other. A 10-year study involving 16 cases provides evidence that the initial use of mediation may well be superior to the initial use of the adversarial system on its own.
This article advances the proposal that mediation play a much larger role in cases of parental alienation syndrome in the British justice system. With one in three or more marriages leading to separation or divorce in Great Britain, there is a great urgency to develop plans with the legal system to make certain that both parents can have the opportunity to continue to play a role in the lives of their children.
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DOCUMENT N° 42 – 13 pp
REFERENCE : Excerpt from Dr. Rybicki's forthcoming book on Expert Witness Testimony & Forensic Psychology
TITRE: PARENTAL ALIENATION AND ENMESHMENT ISSUES IN CHILD CUSTODY CASES
AUTEUR : Daniel J. Rybicki, Psy.D., DAPBS
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DOCUMENT N° 43 – 7 pp
REFERENCE : American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997), 36(10suppl)
TITRE : PRACTICE PARAMETERS FOR CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATION.
AUTEUR : Stephen P. Herman, M.D. and William Bernet, M.D.
ABSTRACT : This summary is presented as a guide for clinicians evaluating the often delicate and complex issues surrounding a child custody dispute. The historical basis of chid custody and the various judicial presumptions that have guided courts, as well as the differences between performing child custody evaluation and engaging in traditional clinical practice, are reviewed in the complete document. Issues that are common to all child custody disputes are presented, including continuity and quality of attachments, preference, parental alienation, special needs of children, education, gender issues, sibing relationships, parents' physical and mental health, parents' work schedules, parents' finances, styles of parenting and discipline, conflict resolution, social support systems, cultural and ethnic issues, ethics and values, and religion. In addition, special issues that complicate custody evaluations are presented, including infants in custody disputes, homosexual parents, grandparents' rights, parental kidnapping, relocation problems, allegations of sexual abuse, and advances in reproductive technology, such as frozen embryos, oocyte donation, and artificial insemination. Key Words: child custody, forensic psychiatry, joint custody, court, parenting, practice parameters, guidelines.
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DOCUMENT N° 44 – 14 pp
REFERENCE : The American Journal of Family Therapy. 27:195-212, 1999
TITRE : FAMILY THERAPY OF THE MODERATE TYPE OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : RICHARD A. GARDNER
ABSTRACT : Each of the three types of parental alienation syndrome (PAS) warrants a different therapeutic approach. Because PAS is a family problem, family therapy is usually warranted-separation, divorce, and even litigation notwithstanding Furthermore, formidable modifications of traditional family therapy approaches are warranted if there is to be any chance of success in the treatment of PAS families. Especially important is the full support of the court for the therapist's stringent and authoritarian methods necessary f or the treatment of these families. Without such support, the therapist is not likely to be successful. Described here are the special family therapeutic techniques warranted in the treatment of families in which the PAS is of the moderate type.
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DOCUMENT N° 45 – 9 pp
REFERENCE :The American Journal of Family Therapy. Vol. 27, No. 2, p 97-107 (April-June 1999)
TITRE : DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME AND BONA FIDE ABUSE-NEGLECT
AUTEUR : R.Gardner
ABSTRACT : In recent years, with increasing familiarity and recognition of parental alienation syndrome (PAS), 1 parent has accused the other parent of inducing PAS in the children. In response, the responding parent accuses the other parent 4 abusing and neglecting the children. In short, the children's alienation is considered by 1 parent to be the result of PAS indoctrinations and the other to be the result of bona fide abuse-neglect. The purpose of this article is to provide criteria for differentiating between these 2 situations, a differentiation that is obviously crucial if courts are to deal properly with children exposed to and embroiled in these 2 very different situations.
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DOCUMENT N° 46 – 9 pp
REFERENCE : The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3), 205-215, 1993
TITRE : EXPANDING THE PARAMETERS OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : GLENN F. CARTWRIGHT, Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, McGill University-3700 McTavish, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1Y2
Abstract: The newness of the parental alienation syndrome (PAS) compels its redefinition and refinement as new cases are observed and the phenomenon becomes better understood. New evidence suggests that alienation may be provoked by other than custodial matters, that cases of alleged sexual abuse may be virtual, that slow judgements by courts exacerbate the problem, that prolonged alienation of the child may trigger other forms of mental illness, and that too little remains known of the long term consequences to alienated children and their families.
DOCUMENT N° 47 – 40 pp
REFERENCE : The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19(3):61-106.
TITRE : SHOULD COURTS ORDER PAS CHILDREN TO VISIT/RESIDE WITH THE ALIENATED PARENT? A FOLLOW-UP STUDY
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner. M.D.
ABSTRACT : The question whether courts should order children with parental alienation syndrome (PAS) to visit/reside with the alienated parent has been a significant source of controversy among legal and mental health professionals. This article describes 99 PAS cases in which the author has been directly involved, cases in which he has concluded that the court should order visitation with or transfer primary residential custody to the alienated parent. The outcome when such orders were implemented (N=22) will be compared with the outcome when this recommendation was not followed (N=77).
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DOCUMENT N° 48 – 7 pp
TITRE : THE BURGESS DECISION AND THE WALLERSTEIN BRIEF
AUTEUR : RICHARD A. GARDNER, M.D.
ABSTRACT : Divorcing couples traditionally incorporate into their settlement contract a stipulation regarding relative degree of freedom to relocate, especially if the relocating parent has primary custody of the children. Typically, the primary custodial parent might be restricted from moving outside of the state in which the divorcing couple has resided or there may be a specific mile-radius or travel-time radius beyond which the primary custodial parent cannot relocate. In recent years, courts have become increasingly permissive with regard to allowing relocation by primary custodial parents and the once stringent requirements that needed to be satisfied in order to justify relocation are being progressively relaxed. In 1996 the Supreme Court of California in Re the MARRIAGE of BURGESS (1996) 13-Cal 4th 25 has set a precedent for even further relaxation of these once-rigid restrictions.
The Burgess Decision has been frequently quoted in the State of California and is receiving widespread attention elsewhere. It is the author's opinion that this precedent is ill-conceived and will most likely result in significant grief and suffering for the nonrelocating parent as well as the relocating children.
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DOCUMENT N° 49 – 6 pp
REFERENCE : THE COLORADO LAWYER, FEBRUARY 1998, VOL. 27, NO. 2 p 65-68
TITRE : IDENTIFYING CASES OF PARENT ALIENATION SYNDROME--PART I
AUTEUR : Leona M. Kopetski
Editors' Note: This is the first part of a two-part article dealing with parental alienation of children and aiding the courts and counsel in recognizing parental alienation in cases involving custody and parenting time. Part II will focus on the psychological dynamics of the family members in a parental alienation case.
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DOCUMENT N° 50 – 7 pp
REFERENCE : THE COLORADO LAWYER, MARCH 1998, VOL. 27, NO. 3 p 63-66
TITRE : IDENTIFYING CASES OF PARENT ALIENATION SYNDROME--PART II
AUTEUR : Leona M. Kopetski
Editors' Note: This is the second part of a two-part article dealing with parental alienation of children and aiding the courts and counsel in recognizing parental alienation in cases involving custody and parenting time. The Family and Children's Evaluation Team ("Team"),( 1 ) which pioneered the team approach to child custody evaluations in Colorado, evaluated both parents and all of the children in approximately 600 cases fiom 1975 to 1995. The conclusions in this article result from the Team's evaluations.
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DOCUMENT N° 51 – 16 pp
TITRE : THE EMPOWERMENT OF CHILDREN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner, M.D.
ABSTRACT : The parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a disorder that arises in children in the context of child-custody disputes. It is the result of the combination of the programming (brainwashing) of children by the alienating parent and the children’s own contributions to a campaign of denigration against the alienated parent. A central factor operative in the children’s contributions is their empowerment, most often by the indoctrinators, but occasionally by the passivity of the targeted parent. In addition to these intrafamilial factors, extrafamilial factors are also operative, especially the legal system and mental health professionals. This article focuses on the ways in which all of these empowerment factors operate in the etiology, development, and perpetuation of the parental alienation syndrome.
DOCUMENT N° 52 – 9 pp
REFERENCE : THE JUDGES JOURNAL, NUMBER 36, p. 17-47, SPRING 1997
TITRE : MANAGEMENT OF VISITATION INTERFERENCE
AUTEUR : Ira Daniel Turkat, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT : Divorced parents who interfere with child visitation pose special difficulties not only for the families involved, but also for the courts. It is estimated that parents of more than six million children have interfered in their court-ordered visitation ( Children's Rights Council, 1994 ). Data reviewed by Kressel (1985) indicated that 40 percent of divorced mothers admitted punishing their former husbands by denying visitation. Similarly, Arditti (1992) reported that 50 percent of divorced fathers complained of having had their visitation rights denied. Despite these alarming figures, a review of the literature reveals there is little research available on the nature, etiology, or treatment of child visitation interference ( Turkat, 1994 ).
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DOCUMENT N° 53 – 15 pp
TITRE : The Role of the Judiciary in the Entrenchment of the Parental Alienation Syndrome-PAS
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner, M.D.
ABSTRACT : The primary person responsible for the induction of a parental alienation syndrome (PAS) in a child is the litigating parent who hopes to gain leverage in a court of law by programming in the child a campaign of denigration directed against a target parent. In most cases alienated parents are relatively helpless to protect themselves from the indoctrinations and the destruction of what was once a good, loving bond. They turn to the courts for help and, in most cases in my experience, have suffered even greater frustration and despair because of the court’s failure to meaningfully provide them with assistance. It is the purpose of this article to point out the judiciary’s deficiencies and even failures in this realm. It is the author’s hope that increasing recognition by the judiciary of its failures to deal effectively with PAS families will play a role in the rectification of this serious problem.
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DOCUMENT N° 54 – 21 pp
REFERENCE : UNPUBLISHED
TITRE : Does DSM-IV Have Equivalents for the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) Diagnosis?
AUTEUR : Richard A. Gardner, M.D.
ABSTRACT : Child custody evaluators commonly find themselves confronted with resistance when they attempt to use the term parental alienation syndrome (PAS) in courts of law. Although convinced that the patient being evaluated suffers with the disorder, they often find that the attorneys who represent alienated parents, although agreeing with the diagnosis, will discourage use of the term in the evaluators’ reports and testimony. Most often, they will request that the evaluator merely use the term parental alienation (PA). On occasion they will ask whether other DSM-IV diagnoses may be applicable. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the reasons for the reluctance to use the PAS diagnosis and the applicability of PA as well as current DSM-IV substitute diagnoses.
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DOCUMENT N° 55 – 2 pp
TITRE : WHAT YOU DO AND DON’T DO WHEN AS A LOVING PARENT YOU ARE CONFRONTED WITH A SEVERE CASE OF PAS IN YOUR CHILD
AUTEUR : William Kirkendale, President- The Parental Alienation Syndrome Foundation
& The Family Court Reform Council of America- Los Angeles, California 310-544-7800
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DOCUMENT N° 56 – 5 pp
REFERENCE : Presented at the XXI International School Psychology Colloquium - 1998 in Riga, Latvia - Published in Identity & Self Esteem: Interactions of Students, Family, & Society, eds. S. Sebre, M. Rascevska, S. Miezite, pp. 253-260, Riga: SIA
TITRE : INTERVENTION-GUIDED SINGLE CASE-HELP AND PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME (PAS) : DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT APPROACHEs
AUTEUR : Dr. Werner G. Leitner, Bamberg, Germany.
ABSTRACT : Due to high divorce rates children and parents involved in separation- and divorce conflicts comprise a significant fraction among the clients of school psychological counseling. From the viewpoint of school psychology, the so-called "parental alienation syndrome" appears to be especially relevant for the mental health of affected children. PAS could also be described as conscious and unconscious programming of children within visitation- and custody conflicts of their parents.
DOCUMENT N° 57
TITRE : JOURNAL OF PARENTAL ALIENATION
AUTEUR : STOP PAS INC
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